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Temporal range: Eocene-recentKingdom:Clade:Clade:Clade:Clade:Order:Family:Subfamily:Supertribe:Tribe:Genus:Harpalium (Cass.) Cass.Helianthus ( ) is a of comprising about 70 species. Except for three species in, all Helianthus species are native to. The common names 'sunflower' and 'common sunflower' typically refer to the popular annual species, whose round flower heads in combination with the look like the sun. This and other species, notably ( H.
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Tuberosus), are cultivated in regions and some tropical regions as food crops for humans, cattle, and poultry, and as ornamental plants. The species H.
Annuus typically grows during the summer and into early fall, with the peak growth season being mid-summer.Perennial sunflower species are not as common in garden use due to their tendency to spread rapidly and become invasive. The whorled sunflower, Helianthus verticillatus, was listed as an endangered species in 2014 when the issued a final rule protecting it under the. The primary threats are and plantations in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. They grow to 1.8 m (6 ft) and are primarily found in woodlands, adjacent to creeks and moist, prairie-like areas. Sunflower florets are arranged in a natural spiral having a Origin Sunflowers originate in the. They were first domesticated in what is now and the.Native American peoples grew sunflowers as a crop from Mexico to Southern Canada.In the 16th century the first crop breeds were brought from America to Europe by explorers.
Morphology Sunflowers are usually tall or perennial plants that in some species can grow to a height of 300 cm (120 in) or more. They bear one or more wide, terminal (flower heads), with bright yellow ray at the outside and yellow or maroon (also known as a brown/red) disc florets inside. Several ornamental of H. Annuus have red-colored ray florets; all of them stem from a single original mutant. During growth, sunflowers tilt during the day to face the sun but stop once they begin blooming. This tracking of the sun in young sunflower heads is called. By the time they are mature, sunflowers generally face east.
The rough and hairy is branched in the upper part in wild plants but is usually unbranched in domesticated cultivars.The are dentate and often sticky. The lower leaves are opposite, or often heart-shaped.They are distinguished technically by the fact that the ray florets (when present) are sterile, and by the presence on the disk flowers of a that is of two awn-like scales that are (that is, easily detached and falling at maturity).
Some species also have additional shorter scales in the pappus, and one species lacks a pappus entirely. Another technical feature that distinguishes the genus more reliably, but requires a microscope to see, is the presence of a prominent, multicellular appendage at the apex of the style. Further, the florets of a sunflower are arranged in a natural.Variability is seen among the perennial species that make up the bulk of those in the genus. Some have most or all of the large leaves in a rosette at the base of the plant and produce a flowering stem that has leaves that are reduced in size. Most of the perennials have disk flowers that are entirely yellow, but a few have disk flowers with reddish lobes. One species, H. Radula, lacks ray flowers altogether.Helianthus species are used as food plants by the of.
Annuus are used as human food.Growth stages The growth of a sunflower depends strictly on its genetic makeup and background. Additionally, the season it is planted will have effects on its development. Sunflower development is classified by a series of vegetative stages and reproductive stages that can be determined by identifying the heads or main branch of a single head or branched head. Production Fertilizer use has analyzed the impact of various nitrogen-based fertilizers on the growth of sunflowers. Was found to produce better nitrogen absorption than, which performed better in low-temperature areas. Production in Brazil In Brazil, a unique system of production called the soybean-sunflower system is used: sunflowers are planted first, and then soybean crops follow, reducing idle periods and increasing total sunflower production and profitability. Sunflowers are usually planted in the extreme southern or northern regions of the country.
Frequently, in the southern regions, sunflowers are grown in the beginning of rainy seasons, and soybeans can then be planted in the summer. Researchers have concluded that the soybean-sunflower method of plantation could be further improved through changes in fertilizer use. The current method has been shown to have positive environmental impacts. Top sunflower seed producers in 2018/2019 CountriesMillion metric tonnes15131042Other9Diversity Accepted species There are many species recognized in the genus. Pollard – southeastern sunflower –. Britt.
–. L. – swamp sunflower – + north to southern +. L. – common sunflower, girasol – most of United States + Canada. S.F.Blake – western sunflower –. Torr. & A.Gray – silverleaf sunflower –.
R.C.Jacks. – Arizona sunflower –. L. – purpledisk sunflower –. A.Gray – serpentine sunflower –.
E.Watson –. DC. – California sunflower –. Small – lakeside sunflower –. DC. – Texas blueweed –.
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Small –. Cockerell – prairie sunflower –. A.Gray – Cusick's sunflower –. Nutt. – cucumberleaf Sunflower – to;. L. – thinleaf sunflower – eastern United States;. Heiser – desert sunflower –.
† Sims – †. R.C.Jacks. – Mexico. L. – woodland sunflower or rough woodland sunflower – eastern United States;. R.W.Long. Lam.
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USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved April 1, 2019. Remillard, Ashley (August 4, 2014) 2014-08-12 at the Endangered Species Law and Policy Blog, Nossaman LLP. Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Sunflower, (CRC Press, 8 Apr 2010)edited by Jinguo Hu, Gerald Seiler, C. Kole, page 8. ^ Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species, By James F. Hancock (CABI, 2012), page 188.
Heiser, C.B. The Sunflower. University of Oklahoma Press. Home Guides – SF Gate.
From the original on 2014-10-18. Ben Sparks. ^ Berglund, Duane. NDSU Extension Service and N.D. Agricultural Experiment Station. Retrieved Feb 7, 2019. Spinelli, D; Bardi, L; Fierro, A; Jez, S; Basosi, R (2017).
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Environmental Management. 22 (4): 492–501. Castro, C.; Leite, Regina.
'Main aspects of sunflower production in Brazil'. Cite journal requires journal=.
Mastuura, M. I. S. F.; Dias, F. R. T.; Picoli, J. F.; Lucas, K. R. G.; Castro, C.; Hirakuri, M. H. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 22 (4): 492–501. Retrieved 2018-08-10. ^. CS1 maint: others. County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA).
Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.Wikimedia Commons has media related to.has information related to.
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